Vertebrate exploitation of pulsed marine prey: a review and the example of spawning herring

Short-term bursts of prey availability occur in many ecosystems and have potential important consequences for both predator biology and ecosystem function. Examples of prey ‘pulses’ in marine ecosystems include spawning runs of several anadromous and marine fishes, horseshoe crab spawning, and salmonid juvenile outmigrations, which are exploited by numerous species of vertebrate predators. In a few cases, the fitness or demographic consequences of such predator–prey interactions are known or inferred, but too often that information remains unknown. We explored the extent of temporal and spatial variation in one example of a pulsed marine resource: the spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii). Spawning herring provide a rich, aggregated resource to which dozens of species of vertebrate predators often exhibit strong numerical responses. However, the spawning events are often variable in both time (annual differences of several to many weeks) and space (both regional and more local differences in size and timing of events). Such variability must affect more mobile predators less than area-restricted predators, and thus its effect would vary not only among species but also within species, depending on constraints of the predator life history. Unpredictability of the prey concentrations, whatever their proximate causes, may contribute to maintenance of metapopulations of prey such as herring, if unpredictability lessens the impact of predation.     

烤烟硝酸盐含量与土壤养分的关系

采用多元统计分析方法研究了湖南烤烟叶片硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量与土壤养分之间的关系,结果表明：（1）典型相关分析证实烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量与土壤主要含氮养分（土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮）及有机质含量的关系密切,与土壤其他养分含量的相关性较小,反映出在一定范围内,随着土壤含氮养分及有机质含量的增加,烟叶（亚）硝酸盐含量呈现增加的趋势,且土壤含氮养分及有机质含量与烟叶硝酸盐含量关系的密切程度高于与亚硝酸盐含量的相关;（2）根据烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量及其相应的植烟土壤养分（有机质、全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮）含量的大小,通过聚类分析把同一等级的烟叶样品分为高、中、低3类,不同类别相比较,有机质含量越高的土壤,其土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮含量以及相应的烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量也越高,说明土壤有机质的高低,直接影响了土壤氮素的供应状况,进而影响了烟叶硝态氮含量的积累;（3）根据聚类分析结果建立了不同等级烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量高低的判别函数,可作为烟叶硝态氮含量在不同土壤肥力条件下判别归类的参考依据。     

大青山外生菌根真菌资源与生态研究

历经5a,采用踏查与样线调查相结合的方法,对内蒙古大青山主要林区的外生菌根真菌资源与生态进行了系统研究。通过对子实体鉴定及对菌根组织的分离与回接研究,并借鉴前人对大青山大型真菌调查资料,初步认为在大青山分布的外生菌根真菌共163种,占现有国内报道种的26.6%,它们分别隶属于18科、41属。在大青山此次调查发现内蒙新记录种54种,占大青山记录种的33%,还有5个存疑种;通过对分布区内各生态因子研究表明,在大青山外生菌根真菌喜欢生长在有机质丰富、林分郁闭度0.7~0.9、海拔1300~1900 m、阴坡的中部、坡度为20~40°的环境中,而在陡坡、山顶或山麓分布较少;通过对生境土壤理化因子分析结果表明,菌根真菌的存在能够明显降低土壤pH值、并对环境中全N含量有显著的提高,对全P、全K无显著影响,但对速效态N、P、K释放均有显著的促进作用,尤其速效K的释放与对照存在着极显著的差异;从对共生关系研究表明,白蘑科(Tricholomataceae)、红菇科(Russulaceae)、丝膜菌科(Cortinariaceae)、鹅膏科(Amanitaceae)的大部分真菌,以白桦(Betula platyphyllaSuks.)、山杨(Populus davidianaDode.)、云杉(Picea asperataMast.)、蒙古栎[Quercus mongolica(Fisch.)Turcz.]、虎榛子(OstryopsisdavidianaDecne.)为主要宿主,而牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)的大部分真菌主要以油松(Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.)、华北落叶松(Larixprincipisr-upprechtiiMayr.)、云杉、白桦、虎榛子等为主要宿主植物。     

Towards a definition of a crop wild relative

Crop wild relatives are an important socio-economic resource that is currently being eroded or even extinguished through careless human activities. If the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the CBD 2010 Biodiversity Target of achieving a significant reduction in the current rate of loss is to be achieved, we must first define what crop wild relatives are and how their conservation might be prioritised. A definition of a crop wild relative is proposed and illustrated in the light of previous Gene Pool concept theory. Where crossing and genetic diversity information is unavailable, the Taxon Group concept is introduced to assist recognition of the degree of crop wild relative relatedness by using the existing taxonomic hierarchy.     

The role of nitrate reduction in the anoxic metabolism of roots I. Characterization of root morphology and normoxic metabolism of wild type tobacco and a transformant lacking root nitrate reductase

Two tobacco lines with (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Gatersleben, WT) or without (transformant LNR-H) nitrate reductase in roots were chosen as model systems to re-evaluate the role of root nitrate reduction for survival of anoxia. In this first paper, the two hydroponically grown lines were compared with respect to their root morphology, root respiration and the root content of inorganic cations, anions, and metabolites. Leaf transpiration in relation to root morphology was also determined. In comparison to WT roots containing NR, the NR-free LNR-H transformants had slightly shorter and thicker roots with a lower root surface area per g leaf FW. Consistent with that, LNR-H leaves had lower transpiration rates than WT. LNR-H-roots also showed consistently higher respiration and higher contents of ATP, starch and hexose monophosphates than WT roots. Concentrations of free sugars were only slightly higher in LNR-H roots. Total soluble protein content was identical in both lines, whereas amino acids were higher in LNR-H. Contents of major inorganic cations and anions were also almost identical in both lines. We conclude that WT versus LNR-H plants are a suitable tool to re-evaluate the role of nitrate reduction in flooding tolerance.     

抗草甘膦抗虫植物表达载体的构建及其转基因烟草的分析

构建了含草甘膦抗性突变基因（aroAM12）和人工合成重组Bt抗虫基因（Bts1m）的植物表达载体pCM12_s1m。aroAM12基因的表达由CaMV35S启动子控制,Bts1m基因的表达由2E_CaMV35S启动子和Ω因子控制。通过农杆菌介导,将aroAM12和Bts1m基因转化到烟草中,转基因烟草通过在含草甘膦的MS培养基上筛选而获得。Southern blot分析表明所有经过草甘膦筛选出的转化植株都整合有aroAM12基因,约70%的转化植株同时整合有aroAM12和Bts1m基因。Northern blot、Immunodot blot分析进一步证明整合的两个基因在转录、翻译水平上均进行了表达,不同植株之间表达存在着差异。草甘膦抗性和虫试实验证明,获得的转基因烟草对草甘膦和烟青虫具有很强的抗性。     

广东省潮安县大山植物资源的开发利用与对策

分析了潮安县大山的植物资源,并从资源保护和持续利用相结合的原则出发,提出大山植物资源保护及其利用的若干建议。     

从透明颤菌血红蛋白谈到植物缺氧与转基因作物

扼要介绍透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在多种微生物的表达、调节和生理功能,特别是在生物工程方面可能的应用。但最值得重视的是这一基因在烟草中的表达及其生理效应,它为我们提出一个重要的问题,就是植物是否缺氧,透明颤菌血红蛋白基因很可能是构建转基因作物的重要元件。     

祁连山西段与酒泉盆地草地资源可持续利用分析

调查和分析甘肃省祁连山西段及酒泉盆地草地和植被资源及其分布规律,发现该区草地类型主要为沼泽草地、低湿地草甸草地、荒漠草地、山地荒漠草地、荒漠化草原、山地草原、高寒草原、山地草甸、高寒草甸以及高寒荒漠。分析了草地资源现状和合理利用问题,并提出了可持续利用该区草地资源的对策。